Exploring the Role of Cannabinoids in Pain Management and Inflammation

Abstract

Cannabinoids (CB), bioactive compounds derived from cannabis, have emerged as potential therapeutic agents for managing pain and inflammation. Their effects are mediated primarily through the endocannabinoid system (ECS), which comprises CB1 and CB2 receptors, endogenous cannabinoids, and associated metabolic enzymes. This review explores the multifaceted role of cannabinoids in modulating pain and inflammatory responses, focusing on their mechanisms of action, therapeutic applications, and current challenges. Cannabinoids influence pain signaling by interacting with peripheral and central nervous system pathways, modulating neurotransmitter release, and reducing neuroinflammation. Furthermore, they exhibit anti-inflammatory properties by suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokines and regulating immune cell activity. Key phytocannabinoids, such as tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD), have demonstrated efficacy in various conditions, including neuropathic pain, arthritis, and inflammatory bowel diseases, with CBD offering significant advantages due to its non-psychoactive nature. Preclinical and clinical studies highlight the promising potential of cannabinoids in pain and inflammation management. Still, their therapeutic use remains limited by challenges such as psychoactive side effects, legal restrictions, and variability in patient responses. Advances in synthetic cannabinoids and personalized medicine approaches hold promise for overcoming these barriers. This review critically examines the available evidence, identifies gaps in current research, and discusses the prospects of cannabinoid-based therapies. By addressing these aspects, this article aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the therapeutic potential and limitations of cannabinoids in pain and inflammation management, contributing to the growing discourse on cannabis in modern medicine.