PHARMACOGENOMICS AND PERSONALIZED DOSING: A CRITICAL REVIEW

Abstract

Pharmacogenomics is rapidly transforming the landscape of precision medicine by enabling the customization of drug therapy based on individual genetic profiles. This review critically examines the role of pharmacogenomics in optimizing drug dosing, minimizing adverse drug reactions, and improving therapeutic outcomes. Key pharmacogenomic markers, such as CYP450 enzymes, VKORC1, and TPMT, are explored in the context of various drug classes, including anticoagulants, antidepressants, and chemotherapeutics. The integration of pharmacogenomic data into clinical decision-making is discussed alongside current challenges such as variability in genetic expression, limited clinical guidelines, and disparities in access to genetic testing. The review also highlights emerging technologies and regulatory frameworks aimed at enhancing the clinical utility of personalized dosing strategies. Overall, pharmacogenomics holds significant promise in advancing safer and more effective drug therapy, though widespread clinical adoption requires robust infrastructure, interdisciplinary collaboration, and continuous research.