https://ijppronline.com/index.php/IJPPR <p style="text-align: justify;">International Journal of Pharma Professional’s Research (IJPPR) is a peer reviewed open access journal that publishes manuscripts trimonthly under the umbrella of <strong>P.R.S.Educational Trust</strong>. IJPPR is committed to upgrade the depth of subjects across various disciplines of pharmaceutical education with the ultimate aim of expending and spreading the research knowledge of people involved in the noble profession.</p> <p style="text-align: justify;">The journal deals with all branches of pharmacy, pharmacology ,toxicology, experimental, clinical pharmacology, Pharmacognosy, Behavioral pharmacology, Neuropharmacology, analgesia, Cardiovascular pharmacology, Pulmonary, gastrointestinal, urogenital pharmacology, Endocrine pharmacology, Immuno pharmacology, inflammation, Molecular, cellular pharmacology , history of pharmacy. The primary criteria for acceptance and publication are scientific rigor and potential to advance the field. It is essential that authors prepare their manuscripts according to established specifications. Failure to follow them may result in papers being delayed or rejected. Therefore, contributors are strongly encouraged to read these instructions carefully before preparing a manuscript for submission. The manuscripts should be checked carefully for grammatical errors. All papers are subjected to double blind peer review.</p> P.R.S Educational Trust en-US International Journal of Pharma Professional’s Research (IJPPR) 2249-3948 https://ijppronline.com/index.php/IJPPR/article/view/513 This study aims to determine the potency of drug available in our market in Diclofenac Sodium is a potent Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug (NSAID) and that are widely used and it is an Over the Counter (OTC) drug in India. Potency determination was performed to evaluate that the marketed sample comply with the declared specification or not. In vitro Dissolution study was performed to see that if potency is high but the drug is not bioavailable. Hardness is also checked to see that whether it interfere with the dissolution which ultimately effect the bioavailability. In this present study a simple, cost effective and spectrophotometric method for the potency determination of marketed Diclofenac Sodium tablets is used. Four samples were randomly collected from the market and coded as M1, M2, M3 and M4 and the potency determined are 99.30%, 103.38%, 98.22% and 102.16% respectively. Hardness and in vitro dissolution of the above four brands of Diclofenac Sodium tablets were also studied and reported in the paper. After 1 h Dissolution release of M1, M2, M3 and M4 are 94.16%, 93.97%, 96.94% and 98.5% respectively. From all of the studies it seems that the samples were collected complies with the BP and USP requirements. Surendra Pardhi Rajni Bhoutekar Jeevan Das Mandle Copyright (c) 15 4 1 10 https://ijppronline.com/index.php/IJPPR/article/view/514 The objective of the present study is to evaluate the effect of commonly used binders on the dissolution rate of metformin tablets. Tablets each containing 100 mg of Metformin hydrochloride were formulated employing commonly used binders namely acacia, starch paste, polyvinyl pyrollidine (PVP K30), sucrose, methyl cellulose LV and hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose (HPMC E5LV). For comparison purpose all the binders were used at the same strength, 2% w/v in the formula. The tablets were prepared by wet granulation method. All the tablets prepared were evaluated for drug content, hardness, friability, disintegration time and dissolution rate as per official methods. All the metformin tablets prepared using various binders disintegrated with in 2 min. Tablets formulated using acacia and sucrose as binders disintegrated very rapidly in30 and 40sec respectively when compared to others. Many variations were observed in the dissolution characteristics of the metformin hydrochloride tablets prepared and commercial brands tested. The binder used has significantly influenced the dissolution rate of metformin tablets prepared. Among all, tablets formulated using acacia and commercial product C3 gave rapid and higher dissolution of metformin hydrochloride. The order of increasing dissolution rate (K1) observed with various binders was acacia = C3 > starch paste > sucrose> methyl cellulose > PVP K30> C1 > C2 > HPMC. Tablets formulated using HPMC as binder and commercial brands C1and C2 gave relatively low dissolution of metformin hydrochloride .All the metformin tablets prepared and the three commercial brands tested fulfilled the dissolution rate specification of NLT 70% in 45min prescribed for metformin tablets in IP 2010. Hence acacia, starch paste, poly vinyl pyrollidine (PVP K30), sucrose and methyl cellulose LV are recommended as binders for the preparation of metformin hydrochloride tablets. Surendra Pardhi Yogesh Dewahe Kalpana Patel Copyright (c) 15 4 11 18 https://ijppronline.com/index.php/IJPPR/article/view/515 Background: Temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) affect the temporomandibular joints (TMJs), masticatory muscles, and related tissues, causing regional facial or jaw pain and functional difficulties with activities such as eating, yawning, and speaking. Common symptoms include pain in the TMJs or masticatory muscles, which can be triggered during clinical examination, and audible sounds from the TMJs. Physiotherapy, involving manipulation and proprioceptive techniques, has been shown to effectively reduce pain and enhance jaw mobility. Aim: This research aims to evaluate the combined effectiveness of manipulation and proprioceptive techniques in treating TMDs and to investigate their relationship with the cervical spine. Objectives: The primary goal is to assess the impact of integrating manipulation and proprioceptive techniques on TMD treatment outcomes and their association with the cervical spine in affected patients. Subjects and Methods: The experimental study included males and females aged 35-50 with TMD. Participants underwent a combined treatment of manipulation and proprioceptive techniques over 8 months. Pain and jaw function were evaluated using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) and Jaw Functional Limitation Scale (JFLS) before and after 4 weeks of treatment. Results: Significant improvements were observed in TMD patients. The mean VAS score decreased from 5 before treatment to 2.53 afterward. The t-value exceeded the critical t-value at a 0.05 significance level. Similarly, the JFLS mean score increased from 6.67 pre-treatment to 8.33 post-treatment, with the t-value also surpassing the critical value at a 0.05 significance level. Conclusion: The study concludes that combining manipulation and proprioceptive techniques significantly reduces pain and improves jaw function in TMD subjects. Clinical Implications: Utilizing manipulation and proprioceptive techniques is effective in reducing pain and enhancing jaw function for individuals with TMD subjects. Angel Elizabeth Martin Martin Thomas Sangeetha Ayyanar Sivakumar Chinnusamy Pradeepa Mani Copyright (c) 15 4 19 28 https://ijppronline.com/index.php/IJPPR/article/view/516 Background: Acute inflammation of the lung alveoli and surrounding airways is known as pneumonia. Pneumonia that develops 48 hours or longer following hospital admission and is not incubating at the time of admission is referred to as hospital-acquired pneumonia. Objectives: The main goal of the study was to determine how well patients with hospital-acquired pneumonia responded to incentive spirometers, lung flute machines, and chest physical therapy in terms of mucus clearance, FEV, and FEV1. Subjects and Methods: There was a pre-test and post-test relative study design. based on the selected criteria Thirty patients with hospital-acquired pneumonia received were selected. The lot technique was used to arbitrarily divide them into two groups. Group A consisted of fifteen patients who underwent both casket exertion and incitement spirometer treatment. Group B consisted of fifteen individuals who underwent both the casket exertion and lung flute machine treatment. For six weeks, each group received treatment. Digital spirometry was used to measure the pretest and post-test score values on mucus concurrence, FEV, and FEV1. To examine the efficacy of the treatment, paired and unpaired "t" tests were used. Result: At the 0.05 level of significance, the group that received treatment with a lung flute machine and chest physiotherapy improved more in FVC and FEV1 than the other group that received treatment with an incentive spirometer and chest physiotherapy. Conclusion: After applying a lung flute machine and receiving chest physical therapy for six weeks for individuals who have hospital-acquired pneumonia, there is a notable improvement in FVC. Clinical Implications: When used in conjunction with chest physical therapy, the lung flute machine has been shown to significantly enhance participants' FEV1 and FVC in cases of hospital-acquired pneumonia. Ruthrapriya Muventhran Sivakumar Chinnusamy Pradeepa Mani Copyright (c) 15 4 29 41 https://ijppronline.com/index.php/IJPPR/article/view/518 Background Of the Study: Fracture of the lower or distal end of the radius within 1 inch of the distal articular surface of the radius; incidence rates for men and women over 35 years of age were 9/10,000 and 37/10,000, respectively. Objectives: The main objective of the study was to determine how well subjects with colles fractures responded to various therapeutic interventions, such as mulligan mobilizations and paraffin wax baths. Subjects And Methods: Simple experimental research with pre- and post-tests was conducted. Fifteen patients with a diagnosis of colles fracture were selected by a convenient sample technique based on predetermined criteria. Throughout eight weeks, a single group had mulligan mobilization and a paraffin wax bath. A VAS scale, a Quick DASH questionnaire, and a Goniometer were used to assess how effective the therapy was. Treatment efficacy was investigated using the paired t-test. A p-value of less than 0.05 was regarded as significant. Result: In the quick DASH questionnaire, the group that received paraffin wax bath and mulligan mobilization treatment demonstrated improved functional activities, decreased pain (pre- and post-test mean differences 5.1 and 2.1), and increased range of motion (pre- and post-test mean differences for wrist flexion 26 & 49, wrist extension 29.5 and 48.5) as measured by the goniometer. Consequently, the mulligan mobilization and paraffin wax bath at 0.05 significance level. Conclusion: After eight weeks of mulligan mobilization and paraffin wax bath, patients with colles fractures report much less discomfort and an improvement in their functional activities. Clinical Implications: A paraffin wax bath & mulligan mobilization have a major impact on the management of patients with colles fracture. Sutharsanan Sekar Sivakumar Chinnusamy Pradeepa Mani Copyright (c) 15 4 42 54 https://ijppronline.com/index.php/IJPPR/article/view/519 Background Of the Study: Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS) is marked by an abnormal increase in heart rate when moving to an upright position, making it difficult to stand for extended periods due to severe lightheadedness, weakness, and near-fainting. The cause of POTS remains unknown. The dizziness experienced by patients is due to insufficient blood flow to the brain. POTS affects about 0.2% of the general population, with an estimated 500,000 to 1,000,000 individuals in the United States living with the condition. It predominantly impacts women aged 15 to 50 years. Aquatic therapy, involving exercises performed in water, has shown benefits such as improving range of motion, initiating resistance training and weight bearing, promoting cardiovascular fitness, and enhancing relaxation for patients. Objectives: The purpose of the study is to prevent falls and improve the functional activities after the aquatic therapy in individual with Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome. Subjects And Methods: The study utilized a single case design and was carried out at the outpatient department of PPG College of Physiotherapy in Coimbatore. An 18-year-old female subject with postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome participated, experiencing difficulties in functional activities and frequent falls. She underwent 12 sessions of aquatic therapy over three months. The outcome measures included the Short Falls Efficacy Scale for falls and the Vertigo Symptoms Scale for functional activities. Pretest and post-test values were recorded and analyzed. Result: The statistical report indicates that the pretest and post-test values of the Short Falls Efficacy Scale and Vertigo Symptoms Scale demonstrate significant improvement in a subject with Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome who underwent aquatic therapy. The pretest and post-test values for the Short Falls Efficacy Scale were 24 and 8, respectively. For the Vertigo Symptoms Scale, the pretest and post-test values were 31 and 14, respectively. Conclusion: Thus, the study concluded that aquatic therapy resulted in statistically significant improvements in preventing falls and enhancing functional activities in a subject with Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome. Clinical Implications: Aquatic therapy has a significant effect to preventing falls and improving functional activities in subjects with POTS. Abisheka Jancy Beulah Gandhi Kuppusamy Pradeepa Mani Sivakumar Chinnusamy Copyright (c) 15 4 55 66 https://ijppronline.com/index.php/IJPPR/article/view/570 Cannabinoids (CB), bioactive compounds derived from cannabis, have emerged as potential therapeutic agents for managing pain and inflammation. Their effects are mediated primarily through the endocannabinoid system (ECS), which comprises CB1 and CB2 receptors, endogenous cannabinoids, and associated metabolic enzymes. This review explores the multifaceted role of cannabinoids in modulating pain and inflammatory responses, focusing on their mechanisms of action, therapeutic applications, and current challenges. Cannabinoids influence pain signaling by interacting with peripheral and central nervous system pathways, modulating neurotransmitter release, and reducing neuroinflammation. Furthermore, they exhibit anti-inflammatory properties by suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokines and regulating immune cell activity. Key phytocannabinoids, such as tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD), have demonstrated efficacy in various conditions, including neuropathic pain, arthritis, and inflammatory bowel diseases, with CBD offering significant advantages due to its non-psychoactive nature. Preclinical and clinical studies highlight the promising potential of cannabinoids in pain and inflammation management. Still, their therapeutic use remains limited by challenges such as psychoactive side effects, legal restrictions, and variability in patient responses. Advances in synthetic cannabinoids and personalized medicine approaches hold promise for overcoming these barriers. This review critically examines the available evidence, identifies gaps in current research, and discusses the prospects of cannabinoid-based therapies. By addressing these aspects, this article aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the therapeutic potential and limitations of cannabinoids in pain and inflammation management, contributing to the growing discourse on cannabis in modern medicine. Kalaichelvan. V.K Copyright (c) 15 4 67 88 https://ijppronline.com/index.php/IJPPR/article/view/571 The increasing prevalence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has prompted urgent efforts to discover and develop new antimicrobial compounds. Structure-Activity Relationship (SAR) studies are crucial in the design of these compounds, helping to elucidate the link between molecular structure and biological activity. This review provides an in-depth analysis of SAR studies in the context of antibiotics, antifungals, antivirals, and antiparasitics. It highlights the role of SAR in optimizing the potency, selectivity, and pharmacokinetic properties of antimicrobial agents. Key molecular features influencing activity, including functional groups, lipophilicity, hydrogen bonding, and steric factors, are examined for their impact on antimicrobial efficacy. The review also explores various SAR methodologies, including experimental approaches such as chemical modifications and analog synthesis, alongside computational techniques like Quantitative SAR (QSAR) modeling and molecular docking. Furthermore, case studies on β-lactam antibiotics, azole antifungals, and natural product derivatives demonstrate the practical applications of SAR in identifying promising antimicrobial candidates. Advances in SAR, particularly through the use of AI, machine learning, and high-throughput screening, are also discussed. Despite significant progress, challenges remain, such as the complexity of biological systems, multi-target interactions, and the predictive accuracy of computational tools. The review concludes by emphasizing the need for multidisciplinary approaches to overcome these challenges and accelerate the development of new, more effective antimicrobial therapies. Geetika Goel Jannat Firdaus Copyright (c) 2024 International Journal of Pharma Professional’s Research (IJPPR) 2024-12-14 2024-12-14 15 4 89 110